Calculated Values
The values engineers work out rather than look up — PREN for pitting resistance, carbon equivalent for weldability, and the formulas behind them.
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Articles
Carbon Equivalent Calculations for Welding
Learn how to calculate CEIIW, Pcm, CET, CEq, and CEN from steel chemistry and use them to assess weldability.
Fatigue Crack-Growth Testing and Paris Law for Steel
Learn how fatigue crack growth, Paris law constants, ASTM E647, and ISO 12108 guide steel testing.
Hardness Conversion and Property Relationships in Steel
Understand HBW, HRC, and HV conversions, standards, and why hardness cannot replace tensile testing.
Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number Calculations
Calculate PREN from chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen, compare variants, and understand its limits versus ASTM G48 testing.
Steel Density, Mass, and Volume Calculations
Calculate steel mass, volume, and mass per metre using 7850 kg/m³, geometry, and unit conversions.
Steel Elastic Constants and Modulus Relationships
Learn how steel’s E, G, K, and ν relate, and why temperature, texture, phase, and testing affect their values.
Steel Fatigue Properties and S–N Curves
Understand how stress ratio, geometry, surface condition, weld details, loading spectra, test methods, and statistical design curves affect steel fatigue life.
Steel Section Property Calculations: Areas, Inertia, Moduli, and Torsion
Learn to calculate key steel section properties with formulas, units, tables, and design applications.
Steel Thermal Expansion and Temperature-Dependent Properties
Learn how temperature changes affect steel expansion, strength, stiffness, and fire performance.